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Part I Vocabulary (30 points)
Directions: There are 30 sentences in this part. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet.
| 1. | But officials with both cities ________ a state suggestion that water supplies might be contaminated. | |||
| [A] dispensed | [B] sacrificed | [C] disputed | [D] sufficed
| |
| 2. | She was one of three joint ________ of the Nobel Peace Prize earlier this month. | |||
| [A] recipients | [B] receivers | [C] receipts | [D] receptions
| |
| 3. | This ability to ________ despite obstacles and setbacks is the quality people most admire in others. | |||
| [A] provoke | [B] persevere | [C] pulsate | [D] peruse
| |
| 4. | The federal government appealed for ________, insisting that the crisis could be resolved without the use of force. | |||
| [A] initiative | [B] limitation | [C] friction | [D] restraint
| |
| 5. | Nancy is only a sort of ________ of her husband’s opinion and has no ideas of her own. | |||
| [A] sample | [B] reproduction | [C] prototype | [D] echo
| |
| 6. | Now on the screen, they were at least aware of the ________ distinction between men and women as buddies and friends. | |||
| [A] stunning | [B] fragile | [C] primal | [D] subtle
| |
| 7. | Chaotic conditions continue to ________ in areas that ordinarily are thriving urban communities. | |||
| [A] collide | [B] shove | [C] prevail | [D] huddle
| |
| 8 | The majority who show ________ for the Kindle are those that aren’t interested in reading to begin with. | |||
| [A] disdain | [B] distress | [C] distort | [D] delusion
| |
| 9. | When people ________ him on his voice, Martin started to dream of going on stage. | |||
| [A] complemented | [B] completed | [C] complimented | [D] compensated
| |
| 10. | The ________ grandeur of Wast Water, England’s deepest lake and surrounded by the country’s highest mountains, is a world away from the gentle beauty of the Borrowdale valley. | |||
| [A] evocative | [B] inspiring | [C] imploring | [D] imposing | |
| 11. | A big international bank just can’t afford to ________ clients in countries around the world. | |||
| [A] separate | [B] alienate | [C] aggravate | [D] shudder
| |
| 12. | The British realized that they had ________ a nation across the sea where inhabitants could also speak English. | |||
| [A] exceeded | [B] mutated | [C] spawned | [D] settled
| |
| 13. | A recent CNN poll shows twenty-three percent of respondents labeling hackers as useful, fifty-two percent seeing them as a(n) ________. | |||
| [A] menace | [B] disaster | [C] aftermath | [D] pitfall
| |
| 14. | Nestling amongst the magnificent hills were the ________ ruins of an old monastery. | |||
| [A] deforming | [B] crumbling | [C] destroying | [D] smashing
| |
| 15. | Every year the United Nations provides emergency aid to those countries that are ________ famine. | |||
| [A] liken to | [B] rooted in | [C] afflicted by | [D] perplexed with
| |
| 16. | She ________ herself to the profound grief of losing her child in the accident. | |||
| attributed | [B] advocated | [C] addressed | [D] abandoned
| |
| 17. | Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable ________ to the total cost of the product. | |||
| [A] coherence | [B] proportion | [C] correlation | [D] connection
| |
| 18. | The company has ________ over the years into a multi-million dollar organization. | |||
| [A] evolved | [B] progressed | [C] advanced | [D] proceeded
| |
| 19. | These factors helped to ________ the town into the list of the elegant, then most attractive in the country. | |||
| [A] cultivate | [B] initiate | [C] elevate | [D] extort
| |
| 20. | The spokeswoman’s carefully-worded statement ________ an aura of credibility upon the administration’s actions. | |||
| [A] related | [B] remarked | [C] conferred | [D] confronted
| |
| 21. | It sounds like a ________ — Paris has almost three times as much rain as London but London is much rainier than Paris. | |||
| [A] paradox | [B] dilemma | [C] puzzle | [D] collision
| |
| 22. | My aunt has ________ herself to hard work through continuous efforts. | |||
| [A] associated | [B] exposed | [C] habituated | [D] inhibited | |
| 23. | Although most dreams apparently happen ________, dream activity may be provoked by external influences. | |||
| [A] spontaneously | [B] anonymously | [C] instantaneously | [D] consciously
| |
| 24. | The war correspondent has seen so many faces ________ with fear. | |||
| [A] contorted | [B] twisted | [C] warped | [D] deformed
| |
| 25. | More often than not, it is difficult to ________the exact meaning of a Chinese idiom in English. | |||
| [A] transfer | [B] convert | [C] convey | [D] exchange
| |
| 26. | The president is now under pressure to ________ power to the republics. | |||
| [A] heft | [B] commit | [C] compromise | [D] yield
| |
| 27. | The roll-call took some time, accompanied by my continuous attempts to ________ the noise. | |||
| [A] dismiss | [B] subdue | [C] accentuate | [D] exhaust
| |
| 28. | The deepening recession has also ________ in the south of the country, where unemployment is on the rise. | |||
| [A] covered up | [B] blurted out | [C] taken its toll | [D] cried out
| |
| 29. | My accusers claim that I ________ torture on animals for the sole purpose of career advancement. | |||
| [A] inflict | [B] falter | [C] manipulate | [D] descend
| |
| 30. | To diversify one’s business is to ________ different kinds of commercial enterprises. | |||
| [A] train on | [B] pipe down | [C] wear down | [D] embark on | |
Part II Cloze (20 points)
Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. You are required to fill ONE word in each of them that best completes the passage to make a smooth and logical reading semantically, syntactically and textually. The words that you use to fill in the blanks can be any that you think are suitable and able to make the passage smooth in meaning and grammar. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters __31__ the wheel. It is all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver’s __32__is another matter. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the __33__ to the rule. Perhaps the situation __34__ for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers” campaign, __35__ it may get completely out of control.
Road politeness is not only good manners, but good __36__ too. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered drivers to resist the __37__ to revenge when subjected to uncivilized behavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long __38__ towards relieving the tensions of motoring. A friendly __39__ or a wave of acknowledgement __40__response to an act of politeness helps to create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. But such acknowledgements of politeness are all too __41__ today. Many drivers nowadays don’t even seem able to recognize politeness when they see it.
However, misplaced __42__ can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver who __43__violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic, __44__ a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across a zebra __45__ into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The same goes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and __46__ they want to. It always amazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.
A veteran driver, __47__ manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt to filter correctly into traffic streams one at a time __48__ causing the total blockages that give rise to bad __49__. Unfortunately, modern motorists can’t even learn to drive, let __50__ master the subtler aspects of roadsmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosion would demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take this message to heart.
Part III Matching (20 points)
Directions: Match the titles of the books in the left column with the names of their writers in the right column. Please write the corresponding letters on the Answer Sheet.
| Jane Eyre | Jack London | ||
| Pride and Prejudice | William Golding | ||
| The Story of Philosophy | Feng Youlan | ||
| Robinson Crusoe | Jane Austen | ||
| The Autobiography | Charlotte Brontë | ||
| Animal Farm | Arthur Miller | ||
| Lord of the Flies | John Steinbeck | ||
| Tess of the D’Urbervilles | Will Durant | ||
| Tales from Shakespeare | Daniel Defoe | ||
| The Time Machine | John Ruskin | ||
| The Call of the Wild | H. G. Wells | ||
| The Sketch Book | George Orwell | ||
| Of Mice and Men | Robert Louis Stevenson | ||
| A History of the English Language | Benjamin Franklin | ||
| Death of a Salesman | Charles Lamb | ||
| A Short History of Chinese Philosophy | Thomas Hardy | ||
| Beloved | Hung-Ming Ku | ||
| Sesame and Lilies | Washington Irving | ||
| The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde | Albert C. Baugh & Thomas Cable | ||
| The Spirit of the Chinese People | Toni Morrison |
Part IV Paraphrase (10 points)
Directions: The following sentences are taken from Advanced English (《高级英语》) edited by Zhang Hanxi （张汉熙）and Wang Lili （王礼立）. Explain each sentence in your own words, bringing out any implied meanings. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secured and the peace preserved.
It is impossible to put down the wallpaper that defaces the average American home of the lower middle class to mere inadvertence, or to the obscene humor of the manufacturers.
For eight months he flirted with the colossal wealth available to the lucky and the persistent, and was rebuffed.
Gone was the fierce fervor of the days when Bryan had swept the political arena like a prairie fire.
Prohibition afforded the young the additional opportunity of making their pleasures illicit, and the much publicized orgies and defiant manifestoes of the intellectuals crowding into Greenwich Village gave them a pattern and a philosophic defense for their escapism.
Part V Reading Comprehension (30 points)
Questions 76-88 are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Crop-growing skyscrapers
By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the Earth’s population will live in urban centers. Applying the most conservative estimates to current demographic trends, the human population will increase by about three billion people by then. An estimated 109 hectares of new land (about 20% larger than Brazil) will be needed to grow enough food to feed them, if traditional farming methods continue as they are practiced today. At present, throughout the world, over 80% of the land that is suitable for raising crops is in use. Historically, some 15% of that has been laid waste by poor management practices. What can be done to ensure enough food for the world’s population to live on?
The concept of indoor farming is not new, since hothouse production of tomatoes and other produce has been in vogue for some time. What is new is the urgent need to scale up this technology to accommodate another three billion people. Many believe an entirely new approach to indoor farming is required, employing cutting-edge technologies. One such proposal is for the ‘Vertical Farm’. The concept is of multi-storey buildings in which food crops are grown in environmentally controlled conditions. Situated in the heart of urban centers, they would drastically reduce the amount of transportation required to bring food to consumers. Vertical farms would need to be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. If successfully implemented, proponents claim, vertical farms offer the promise of urban renewal, sustainable production of a safe and varied food supply (through year-round production of all crops), and the eventual repair of ecosystems that have been sacrificed for horizontal farming.
It took humans 10,000 years to learn how to grow most of the crops we now take for granted. Along the way, we despoiled most of the land we worked, often turning verdant, natural ecozones into semi-arid deserts. Within that same time frame, we evolved into an urban species, in which 60% of the human population now lives vertically in cities. This means that, for the majority, we humans have shelter from the elements, yet we subject our food-bearing plants to the rigors of the great outdoors and can do no more than hope for a good weather year. However, more often than not now, due to a rapidly changing climate, that is not what happens. Massive floods, long droughts, hurricanes and severe monsoons take their toll each year, destroying millions of tons of valuable crops.
The supporters of vertical farming claim many potential advantages for the system. For instance, crops would be produced all year round, as they would be kept in artificially controlled, optimum growing conditions. There would be no weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods or pests. All the food could be grown organically, eliminating the need for herbicides, pesticides and fertilizers. The system would greatly reduce the incidence of many infectious diseases that are acquired at the agricultural interface. Although the system would consume energy, it would return energy to the grid via methane generation from composting non- edible parts of plants. It would also dramatically reduce fossil fuel use, by cutting out the need for tractors, ploughs and shipping.
A major drawback of vertical farming, however, is that the plants would require artificial light. Without it, those plants nearest the windows would be exposed to more sunlight and grow more quickly, reducing the efficiency of the system. Single-storey greenhouses have the benefit of natural overhead light: even so, many still need artificial lighting. A multi-storey facility with no natural overhead light would require far more. Generating enough light could be prohibitively expensive, unless cheap, renewable energy is available, and this appears to be rather a future aspiration than a likelihood for the near future.
One variation on vertical farming that has been developed is to grow plants in stacked trays that move on rails. Moving the trays allows the plants to get enough sunlight. This system is already in operation, and works well within a single-storey greenhouse with light reaching it from above: it is not certain, however, that it can be made to work without that overhead natural light.
Vertical farming is an attempt to address the undoubted problems that we face in producing enough food for a growing population. At the moment, though, more needs to be done to reduce the detrimental impact it would have on the environment, particularly as regards the use of energy. While it is possible that much of our food will be grown in skyscrapers in future, most experts currently believe it is far more likely that we will simply use the space available on urban rooftops.
Questions 76-82
Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Indoor farming
Some food plants, including _____ are already grown indoors.
Vertical farms would be located in _____ , meaning that there would be less need to take them long distances to customers.
Vertical farms could use methane from plants and animals to produce _____ .
The consumption of _____ would be cut because agricultural vehicles would be unnecessary.
The fact that vertical farms would need _____ light is a disadvantage.
One form of vertical farming involves planting in _____ which are not fixed.
The most probable development is that food will be grown on _____ in towns and cities.
Questions 83-88
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
On your answer sheet, write:
trUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
Methods for predicting the Earth’s population have recently changed.
Human beings are responsible for some of the destruction to food-producing land.
The crops produced in vertical farms will depend on the season.
Some damage to food crops is caused by climate change.
Fertilizers will be needed for certain crops in vertical farms.
Vertical farming will make plants less likely to be affected by infectious diseases.
Questions 89-101 are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
THE FALKIRK WHEEL
A unique engineering achievement
The Falkirk Wheel in Scotland is the world’s first and only rotating boat lift. Opened in 2002, it is central to the ambitious￡84.5m Millennium Link project to restore navigability across Scotland by reconnecting the historic waterways of the Forth & Clyde and Union Canals.
The major challenge of the project lay in the fact that the Forth & Clyde Canal is situated 35 meters below the level of the Union Canal. Historically, the two canals had been joined near the town of Falkirk by a sequence of 11 locks - enclosed sections of canal in which the water level could be raised or lowered - that stepped down across a distance of 1.5 km. This had been dismantled in 1933, thereby breaking the link. When the project was launched in 1994, the British Waterways authority were keen to create a dramatic twenty-first-century landmark which would not only be a fitting commemoration of the Millennium, but also a lasting symbol of the economic regeneration of the region.
Numerous ideas were submitted for the project, including concepts ranging from rolling eggs to tilting tanks, from giant see-saws to overhead monorails. The eventual winner was a plan for the huge rotating steel boat lift which was to become The Falkirk Wheel. The unique shape of the structure is claimed to have been inspired by various sources, both manmade and natural, most notably a Celtic double-headed axe, but also the vast turning propeller of a ship, the ribcage of a whale or the spine of a fish.
The various parts of The Falkirk Wheel were all constructed and assembled, like one giant toy building set, at Butterley Engineering's Steelworks in Derbyshire, some 400 km from Falkirk. A team there carefully assembled the 1,200 tonnes of steel, painstakingly fitting the pieces together to an accuracy of just 10 mm to ensure a perfect final fit. In the summer of 2001, the structure was then dismantled and transported on 35 lorries to Falkirk, before all being bolted back together again on the ground, and finally lifted into position in five large sections by crane. The Wheel would need to withstand immense and constantly changing stresses as it rotated, so to make the structure more robust, the steel sections were bolted rather than welded together. Over 45,000 bolt holes were matched with their bolts, and each bolt was hand-tightened.
The Wheel consists of two sets of opposing axe-shaped arms, attached about 25 meters apart to a fixed central spine. Two diametrically opposed water-filled ‘gondolas’, each with a capacity of 360,000 liters, are fitted between the ends of the arms. These gondolas always weigh the same, whether or not they are carrying boats. This is because, according to Archimedes’ principle of displacement, floating objects displace their own weight in water. So when a boat enters a gondola, the amount of water leaving the gondola weighs exactly the same as the boat. This keeps the Wheel balanced and so, despite its enormous mass, it rotates through 180°in five and a half minutes while using very little power. It takes just 1.5 kilowatt-hours (5.4 MJ) of energy to rotate the Wheel - roughly the same as boiling eight small domestic kettles of water.
Boats needing to be lifted up enter the canal basin at the level of the Forth & Clyde Canal and then enter the lower gondola of the Wheel. Two hydraulic steel gates are raised, so as to seal the gondola off from the water in the canal basin. The water between the gates is then pumped out. A hydraulic clamp, which prevents the arms of the Wheel moving while the gondola is docked, is removed, allowing the Wheel to turn. In the central machine room an array of ten hydraulic motors then begins to rotate the central axle. The axle connects to the outer arms of the Wheel, which begin to rotate at a speed of 1/8 of a revolution per minute. As the wheel rotates, the gondolas are kept in the upright position by a simple gearing system. Two eight-metre-wide cogs orbit a fixed inner cog of the same width, connected by two smaller cogs travelling in the opposite direction to the outer cogs - so ensuring that the gondolas always remain level. When the gondola reaches the top, the boat passes straight onto the aqueduct situated 24 meters above the canal basin.
The remaining 11 meters of lift needed to reach the Union Canal is achieved by means of a pair of locks. The Wheel could not be constructed to elevate boats over the full 35-metre difference between the two canals, owing to the presence of the historically important Antonine Wall, which was built by the Romans in the second century AD. Boats travel under this wall via a tunnel, then through the locks, and finally on to the Union Canal.
Questions 89-94
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2? On your answer sheet, write:
trUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
The Falkirk Wheel has linked the Forth & Clyde Canal with the Union Canal for the first time in their history.
There was some opposition to the design of the Falkirk Wheel at first.
The Falkirk Wheel was initially put together at the location where its components were manufactured.
The Falkirk Wheel is the only boat lift in the world which has steel sections bolted together by hand.
The weight of the gondolas varies according to the size of boat being carried.
The construction of the Falkirk Wheel site took into account the presence of a nearby ancient monument.
Questions 95-101
Label the diagram below. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
How a boat is lifted on the Falkirk Wheel
Questions 102-105 are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Preface to ‘How the other half thinks:
Adventures in mathematical reasoning’
Occasionally, in some difficult musical compositions, there are beautiful, but easy parts - parts so simple a beginner could play them. So it is with mathematics as well. There are some discoveries in advanced mathematics that do not depend on specialized knowledge, not even on algebra, geometry, or trigonometry. Instead they may involve, at most, a little arithmetic, such as ‘the sum of two odd numbers is even’, and common sense. Each of the eight chapters in this book illustrates this phenomenon. Anyone can understand every step in the reasoning.
The thinking in each chapter uses at most only elementary arithmetic, and sometimes not even that. Thus all readers will have the chance to participate in a mathematical experience, to appreciate the beauty of mathematics, and to become familiar with its logical, yet intuitive, style of thinking.
One of my purposes in writing this book is to give readers who haven’t had the opportunity to see and enjoy real mathematics the chance to appreciate the mathematical way of thinking. I want to reveal not only some of the fascinating discoveries, but, more importantly, the reasoning behind them.
In that respect, this book differs from most books on mathematics written for the general public. Some present the lives of colorful mathematicians. Others describe important applications of mathematics. Yet others go into mathematical procedures, but assume that the reader is adept in using algebra.
I hope this book will help bridge that notorious gap that separates the two cultures: the humanities and the sciences, or should I say the right brain (intuitive) and the left brain (analytical, numerical). As the chapters will illustrate, mathematics is not restricted to the analytical and numerical; intuition plays a significant role. The alleged gap can be narrowed or completely overcome by anyone, in part because each of us is far from using the full capacity of either side of the brain. To illustrate our human potential, I cite a structural engineer who is an artist, an electrical engineer who is an opera singer, an opera singer who published mathematical research, and a mathematician who publishes short stories.
Other scientists have written books to explain their fields to non-scientists, but have necessarily had to omit the mathematics, although it provides the foundation of their theories. The reader must remain a tantalized spectator rather than an involved participant, since the appropriate language for describing the details in much of science is mathematics, whether the subject is expanding universe, subatomic particles, or chromosomes. Though the broad outline of a scientific theory can be sketched intuitively, when a part of the physical universe is finally understood, its description often looks like a page in a mathematics text.
Still, the non-mathematical reader can go far in understanding mathematical reasoning. This book presents the details that illustrate the mathematical style of thinking, which involves sustained, step-by-step analysis, experiments, and insights. You will turn these pages much more slowly than when reading a novel or a newspaper. It may help to have a pencil and paper ready to check claims and carry out experiments.
As I wrote, I kept in mind two types of readers: those who enjoyed mathematics until they were turned off by an unpleasant episode, usually around fifth grade, and mathematics aficionados, who will find much that is new throughout the book.
This book also serves readers who simply want to sharpen their analytical skills. Many careers, such as law and medicine, require extended, precise analysis. Each chapter offers practice in following a sustained and closely argued line of thought. That mathematics can develop this skill is shown by these two testimonials.
A physician wrote, ‘The discipline of analytical thought processes [in mathematics] prepared me extremely well for medical school. In medicine one is faced with a problem which must be thoroughly analyzed before a solution can be found. The process is similar to doing mathematics.’
A lawyer made the same point, ‘Although I had no background in law - not even one political science course - I did well at one of the best law schools. I attribute much of my success there to having learned, through the study of mathematics, and, in particular, theorems, how to analyze complicated principles. Lawyers who have studied mathematics can master the legal principles in a way that most others cannot.’
I hope you will share my delight in watching as simple, even naïve, questions lead to remarkable solutions and purely theoretical discoveries find unanticipated applications.
Questions 102-105
Reading Passage 3 has seven sections, A-G. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, on your answer sheet.
102. a reference to books that assume a lack of mathematical knowledge
103. the way in which this is not a typical book about mathematics
104. personal examples of being helped by mathematics
105. examples of people who each had abilities that seemed incompatible
Part VI Writing (40 points)
Directions: According to a newly-released Ministry of Education regulation, college students who have started their business can apply for leave for several semesters and their period of schooling can be extended. Universities are also encouraged to provide enterprise-based modules to nurture student entrepreneurship. Some people doubt whether the regulation will have an effect on students’ grades or performance while others believe such initiative will help students better prepare for future careers.
Discuss these points of view. What’s your opinion?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience or knowledge.
Write an essay of NO LESS THAN 400 words. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Write your essay on the Answer Sheet.
THE END
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